How to Merge Dictionaries in Python

See Python: Tips and Tricks for similar articles.

In Python 3.5, you can merge two or more dictionaries in a single statement by unpacking the new dictionaries into a new dictionary.

Start with two or more dictionaries:

grades1 = {'Math': 98, 'Science': 87, 'English': 93}
grades2 = {'Spanish': 94, 'Gym': 79, 'Science': 91}

Create the merged dictionary using the following syntax:
```
grades = {**grades1, **grades2}
```

Result:

{'English': 93, 'Gym': 79, 'Math': 98, 'Science': 91, 'Spanish': 94}

Before Python 3.5

If you're using an older version of Python, the best way to merge two dictionaries is to create a copy of the first dictionary and then update the copy with the second dictionary:

grades1 = {'Math': 98, 'Science': 87, 'English': 93}
grades2 = {'Spanish': 94, 'Gym': 79, 'Science': 91}

grades = grades1.copy()
grades.update(grades2)

Result:

{'English': 93, 'Gym': 79, 'Math': 98, 'Science': 91, 'Spanish': 94}

Notice that in both cases, when dictionaries being merged have identical keys (e.g., 'Science'), the values from the second dictionary are used in the new merged dictionary.