Lesson: Flexible Images and Other Media

Improving the Jazz Calendar Site

The updates to the Jazz Calendar site we made in the previous lesson took a static, fixed-width, pixel-based design and turned it into a more flexible, percentage-based page. But a quick examination of the page - especially when one resizes the browser smaller and smaller - shows that the design breaks down when the width of the browser becomes too small. The images, specifically, break the design: the guitar, sax, and other photos on the home page (associated with each gig listing) remain a fixed width and height and, as such, don't receive the same "resize to match the browser" behavior. This means that, at smaller widths, the images overlap the design:

The solution to this is the magical CSS max-width:100%. First discovered by Richard Rutter, this CSS rule constrains images (and other elements, as we'll see) to a maximum width inherited by their containing element - that is 100% (and no more) than the element's parent.

Thus, a simple update to the CSS (see FlexibleImages/Demos/css/flexibleimages.css) for the Jazz Calendar page - specifically, for the images associated with each gig listing - offers the user a more graceful presentation when the browser window is less wide.

#main #maincontent .performance img {
	margin:0 0.9% 10px 0;
	max-width:100%;
}

View FlexibleImages/Demos/flexibleimages.html in your browser to see the live page. Note that, as you size your browser narrowed, the gig images now get smaller to fit their container element:

Consider an interior page within the Jazz Calendar site - one with a large top photo. Without addressing the width of this photo, the design would break even more readily than would our home page - one need not resize the browser too small before the fixed width of the image pushes it into the sidebar:

The addition of one CSS rule fixes this problem: our large top image shrinks appropriately as the browse window resizes. Check out FlexibleImages/Demos/interiorjazzpage.html and FlexibleImages/Demos/css/interiorjazzpage.css

#main #maincontent img.pagephoto {
	max-width:100%;
	margin-bottom:4%;
}

Note that the max-width:100% CSS rule applies for other fixed-width elements, such as video, besides images. We'll practice this in an upcoming exercise.

Fixing Images in Pickup Soccer

In this exercise, you will edit the Pickup Soccer site to learn how to scale image widths dynamically.

1. Open FlexibleImages/Exercises/flexiblesoccerimages/index.html and FlexibleImages/Exercises/flexiblesoccerimages/css/style.css.
2. Edit the CSS file to make the soccer-game images' widths scale dynamically.

Solution:

body {
	font-family:Georgia,serif;
	background-image:url('../images/bg_grass.jpg');
}

a {
	text-decoration:none;
	color:#4040AD;
}

a:hover {
	text-decoration:underline;
}

#container {
	width:85%;
	margin:0 auto;
	background: #fff;
}

header {
	background-color:#d0b462;
}

header #logo {
	margin:1.0416666% 0 1.0416666% 3.75%;
}

nav {
	padding:1.0416666% 3.75% 1.0416666% 3.75%;
	float:right;
}

nav ul {
	display:inline;
}

nav ul li {
	display:inline;
}

nav ul li a {
	color:#fff;
	text-decoration:none;
	margin-left:20px;
}

#maincontent {
	width:61.7708333333%;
	padding:1.0416666% 0 3.75% 3.75%;
	float:left;
}

#maincontent h1 {
	font-size:36px;
	margin:5px 0 20px 0;
}

#maincontent .game {
	float:left;
	width:47.892074199%;
	line-height:14px;
	font-size:14px;
	margin:0.8431703204%;
}

#maincontent .game img {
	float:left;
	margin:0 2.86% 0 0;
	max-width:100%;
}

#sidebar {
	width:26.9791666667%;
	float:right;
	padding:3.75%;
	color:#333;
	line-height:20px;
}

#sidebar h3 {
	font-style:italic;
	font-size:20px;
	margin:0 0 5px 0;
}

#footerinfo {
	clear: both;
	background-color:#151570;
	padding:1.0416666% 0 1.0416666% 3.75%;
}
#footerinfo p {
	color:#fff;
}

We've used max-width:100% to scale the game images dynamically, applying the style rule to any image inside of an element of class game.

Flexible Widths for Embedded Video

We consider now an interior page for the Pickup Soccer site - the "About Us" page. mocked up with some greeking text. We include a video - an embedded YouTube video of cool soccer tricks, appropriate for our audience. Of course, in the absence of any extra CSS, the embedded video would stay a fixed width, regardless of the size of the browser window, and would thus break the design:

1. Open FlexibleImages/Exercises/flexiblevideo/css/style.css in your file editor;
2. Add an appropriate CSS rule to make the embedded video scale in width as its container element changes;
3. View FlexibleImages/Exercises/flexiblevideo/index.html to test your work.

Solution:

body {
	font-family:Georgia,serif;
	background-image:url('../images/bg_grass.jpg');
}

a {
	text-decoration:none;
	color:#4040AD;
}

a:hover {
	text-decoration:underline;
}

#container {
	width:85%;
	margin:0 auto;
	background: #fff;
}

header {
	background-color:#d0b462;
}

header #logo {
	margin:1.0416666% 0 1.0416666% 3.75%;
}

nav {
	padding:1.0416666% 3.75% 1.0416666% 3.75%;
	float:right;
}

nav ul {
	display:inline;
}

nav ul li {
	display:inline;
}

nav ul li a {
	color:#fff;
	text-decoration:none;
	margin-left:20px;
}

#maincontent {
	width:61.7708333333%;
	padding:1.0416666% 0 3.75% 3.75%;
	float:left;
}

#maincontent h1 {
	font-size:36px;
	margin:5px 0 20px 0;
}

#maincontent .game {
	float:left;
	width:47.892074199%;
	line-height:14px;
	font-size:14px;
	margin:0.8431703204%;
}

#maincontent .game img {
	float:left;
	margin:0 2.86% 0 0;
	max-width:100%;
}

#maincontent p {
	margin:0 0 15px 0;
}

#maincontent iframe {
	max-width:100%;
}

#sidebar {
	width:26.9791666667%;
	float:right;
	padding:3.75%;
	color:#333;
	line-height:20px;
}

#sidebar h3 {
	font-style:italic;
	font-size:20px;
	margin:0 0 5px 0;
}

#footerinfo {
	clear: both;
	background-color:#151570;
	padding:1.0416666% 0 1.0416666% 3.75%;
}
#footerinfo p {
	color:#fff;
}

We use max-width:100% to scale the iframe used to embed the video.

Flexible Background Images

Imagine that we wish to update the design of the Jazz Calendar site to add a graphic border between the left and right columns.

An easy way to accomplish this is to use a background image - with the cream color on the left, the dusky blue on the right, and the stylized line running vertically at the border - and tile it vertically behind the main content div. But how to do so, given that our design is flexible - with neither column a fixed width?

We start with a background image that is large enough to handle the most wide browser window; we'll use a 3000-pixel-wide image. (This is the file FlexibleImages/Demos/images/bg_main.png.) To split the columns in the background graphic to fit the percentage widths of the two columns whose border we are creating, we would recall the original column pixel width as a percentage of the width of the container element (the #main div): 566px / 900px = 62.888889%. Thus the border in our graphic goes at 3000px * 62.888889% = 1887px. We can then use CSS's background-position rule to place the background image appropriately:

#main {
	width:93.75%;
	margin:0 auto 5.888888% auto;
	background: #fff url('../images/bg_main.png') repeat-y 62.888888% 0;
}

Open the file FlexibleImages/Demos/flexiblebg.html in your browser to see the result.

Of course, we're not actually scaling the background image - just placing it appropriately for the relative widths of the columns.

Flexible Background Image in the Pickup Soccer Site

In this exercise, you will add a graphic background for the right column of the Pickup Soccer site to match this design:

1. Open the files FlexibleImages/Exercises/flexiblebg/index.html and FlexibleImages/Exercises/flexiblebg/css/style.css in your file editor.
2. If you have access to and are comfortable with using Photoshop or some other image editor, create an appropriate background image for the right column; if not, use this file: FlexibleImages/Exercises/flexiblebg/images/bg_soccerballs.png - be sure to create the file with a large width.
3. Edit CSS to place the background image so that it appears correctly regardless of the scale of the page.

Solution:

body {
	font-family:Georgia,serif;
	background-image:url('../images/bg_grass.jpg');
}

a {
	text-decoration:none;
	color:#4040AD;
}

a:hover {
	text-decoration:underline;
}

#container {
	width:85%;
	margin:0 auto;
	background: #fff  url('../images/bg_soccerballs.png') repeat-y 65.520833% 0;
}

header {
	background-color:#d0b462;
}

header #logo {
	margin:1.0416666% 0 1.0416666% 3.75%;
}

nav {
	padding:1.0416666% 3.75% 1.0416666% 3.75%;
	float:right;
}

nav ul {
	display:inline;
}

nav ul li {
	display:inline;
}

nav ul li a {
	color:#fff;
	text-decoration:none;
	margin-left:20px;
}

#maincontent {
	width:61.7708333333%;
	padding:1.0416666% 0 3.75% 3.75%;
	float:left;
}

#maincontent h1 {
	font-size:36px;
	margin:5px 0 20px 0;
}

#maincontent .game {
	float:left;
	width:47.892074199%;
	line-height:14px;
	font-size:14px;
	margin:0.8431703204%;
}

#maincontent .game img {
	float:left;
	margin:0 2.86% 0 0;
	max-width:100%;
}

#maincontent iframe {
	max-width:100%;
}

#sidebar {
	width:26.9791666667%;
	float:right;
	padding:3.75%;
	color:#333;
	line-height:20px;
}

#sidebar h3 {
	font-style:italic;
	font-size:20px;
	margin:0 0 5px 0;
}

#footerinfo {
	clear: both;
	background-color:#151570;
	padding:1.0416666% 0 1.0416666% 3.75%;
}

#footerinfo p {
	color:#fff;
}

We use a background-position value of 65.520833% to position the background image to align properly as the columns' widths change. The last two values we set for the CSS background rule are for the horizontal (65.520833%) and vertical (0 - note that we don't need to include a % sign here) position of the background image. Positioning the background image horizontally with a percentage value ensures that the image - which we crafted to have the soccer-ball portion of the content exactly at the right percentage of the full width of the image - means that the background remains in the correct position regardless of the width of the browser.